Research Studies

California Teachers Study

California Teachers Study website:  http://www.calteachersstudy.org

The California Teachers Study (CTS) is a long-term, follow-up (prospective cohort) study of 133,479 female teachers and school administrators. In 1995 and 1996, participants completed an extensive questionnaire that focused on lifestyle, medical history, and women's health. Each year, cohort members receive a newsletter, and every few years, they provide the CTS researchers with updated or new information about their health and lifestyle. Cancer diagnoses are confirmed through the statewide California Cancer Registry (www.ccrcal.org). 

The CTS is a collaborative study conducted by the Cancer Prevention Institute of California (CPIC), City of Hope (COH), University of Southern California (USC), the University of California at Irvine (UCI), and the California Cancer Registry (CCR). 

September 2009 Press Release on the California Teachers Study and some of its findings

Emergent Hypotheses Regarding the Causes of Breast and Other Cancers
The main focus of the CTS is the evaluation of a wide range of emergent hypotheses related to the development of breast and other cancers. CPIC researchers are investigating the influence of obesity, diet, alcohol, early life exposures, and environmental exposures, such as tobacco smoke, pesticides, and air pollution. The researchers at other institutions are looking at factors such as physical activity, hormone therapy, medication use, and heredity.

Early on, we evaluated cancer risk in our cohort. Teachers developed breast, endometrial, ovarian and thyroid cancer, melanoma, lymphoma, and leukemia more often than comparable women in California. Teachers, however, developed less cervical and lung cancer. These observations have helped us focus our efforts on trying to understand the causes and prevention of cancer in women.

Regional Differences in Breast Cancer Incidence Rates
We have combined data from the cohort with ecological, environmental databases to evaluate the factors that might be responsible for the urban-rural (and other geographic) differences in breast cancer incidence rates. We found that as reported in other areas, breast cancer rates among cohort participants are higher in urban areas (the San Francisco Bay Area and the Southern Coastal region) than in other (largely rural) areas of the state. Socioeconomic and personal risk factors (e.g., alcohol consumption, use of hormone replacement therapy, delayed childbearing, etc.) do not account for more than a small portion of these geographic differences.

Predicting Breast and Ovarian Cancer Risk
In collaboration with Dr. Alice Whittemore at Stanford University, we are currently evaluating whether incorporating genetic information into current risk models might better predict a woman's risk of developing breast or ovarian cancer. Various statistical methods are being compared for this purpose. This research will facilitate targeted cancer prevention strategies and help patients weigh the costs and benefits of genetically tailored interventions.

Diet, Alcohol and Breast Cancer
CPIC investigators evaluated the relationship between alcohol and breast cancer risk. We found that drinking two or more alcoholic beverages a day increases a woman's risk of breast cancer only if she is using hormone therapy. One drink per day - which helps reduce the risk of heart disease - does NOT increase breast cancer risk even. Current drinking is more important than past drinking. The combination of alcohol consumption (of 2+ drinks per day) and use of hormone replacement therapy was associated with the greatest breast cancer risk.

Other than drinking alcohol, there are no overall associations between dietary intake and breast cancer risk. 

Our current research is expanding on these findings by looking at the influence of normal genetic variation in metabolism on the relationship between alcohol and breast cancer risk; the relationship between alcohol and mortality; and whether diet affects specific types of breast cancer such as ER+/PR+ or ER-/PR-. We are also investigating whether compounds found in particular plant foods (e.g., the isothiocyanates found in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli and cauliflower) may reduce the risk of developing breast cancer in some women. 

Cadmium and Breast and Endometrial Cancers
Cadmium is a carcinogenic metal that exhibits estrogen-like activity. The major sources of non-occupational exposure to cadmium include cigarette smoke, diet (leafy vegetables and seafood), and inhalation of contaminated ambient air. In order to evaluate the contribution of dietary and environmental sources to the total body burden, we are using data and urine specimens collected from the SNAP substudy (see below). We will then investigate the effects of total, dietary, and environmental exposure to cadmium on breast and endometrial cancer risk. 

Light-at-Night and Breast Cancer Risk
This exploratory study utilizes satellite imagery data, in combination with CTS questionnaire data and urinary measures of melatonin metabolites to evaluate the hypothesis that circadian disruption from exposures to light at night may be related to breast cancer risk.  As an exploratory IDEA award funded by the CBCRP, this study focuses on exploring a number of methodologic issues upon which a more comprehensive study on this topic could be developed.

Hazardous Air Pollutnatns and Breast Cancer Risk
A three-year study funded by the Department of Defense, the objective of this study is to evaluate the risk of breast cancer associated with residential exposures to hazardous air pollutants among members of the CTS cohort.  Currently in its second-year of funding, this study uses a Geographic Information System (GIS) to assign exposure estimates utilizing a pre-existing database on estimated hazardous air pollutant concentrations developed by the US EPA. 

Persistent Organic Pollutnants and Breast Cancer Risk
Recently awarded funding from the California Breast Cancer Research Program (CBCRP), this 5-year study is designed to capitalize on the existing resources of the CTS to evaluate the risk of breast cancer associated with body burden levels of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).  Furthermore, it aims to identify predictors of exposure and evaluate racial/ethnic, sociodemographic, and geographic disparities in exposure profiles.  This study will be the first large-scale cancer study of the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other newly-introduced replacement brominated flame retardants conducted in humans.

Special Nutrition Assessment Project (SNAP)
The Special Nutrition Assessment Project (SNAP) collected detailed dietary and environmental exposure information on a sample of 320 cohort members. This information was used to (1) better understand and sharpen our measures of dietary intake for the entire cohort, and (2) evaluate differences in environmental exposures for residents of urban areas as compared to residents of rural areas (as a group, residents of rural areas experience lower breast cancer rates).

Diet, Obesity, and Thyroid Cancer Risk
Over the past 10 years, the incidence of thyroid cancer in women has been increasing faster than any other cancer in either women or men. Yet its causes are still largely unknown, although several promising avenues related to nutrition have emerged. The proposed study is evaluating the relationships between papillary thyroid cancer risk and (a) cruciferous vegetables and isothiocyanates, using a newly developed database, (b) overall and abdominal adiposity and (c) dietary factors which reflect insulin exposure.

Dietary Patterns and Cancer Risk
One of our interests is how overall dietary patterns may impact cancer risk. We have identified five major dietary patterns among cohort members: "plant-based," "high-protein/high-fat," "high-carbohydrate," "ethnic," and "salad-and-wine" and are currently evaluating how these patterns influence the risk of breast and endometrial and cancers. For ovarian cancer, we found little relationship between these dietary patterns and the development of that cancer.

Diet and Risk of Ovarian Cancer
This study investigated the impact of diet, including phytocompounds, nutrients, alcohol, and overall dietary patterns, on risk of ovarian cancer in the CTS.  We found that consumption of isoflavones may be associated with reduced risk of ovarian cancer, but that overall, diet and alcohol appear not to play an important role in ovarian cancer risk.

Vitamin D, Alcohol and Risk of Lymphomas
This study aimed to examine the effects of ultraviolet radiation exposure, alcohol consumption, and dietary phytocompounds on risk of lymphoid malignancies (including non-Hodgkin lymphoma [NHL], Hodgkin lymphoma, and multiple myeloma) in the CTS.  We found that factors related to quitting alcohol drinking may increase the risk of B-cell NHLs, while phytoestrogens, isothiocyanates, and antioxidants are not strongly associated with risk of lymphoid malignancies.  Higher residential ultraviolet radiation levels near one's home were associated with a lower risk of overall NHL, as well as some of its major subtypes and multiple myeloma.

Second Hand Smoke and Breast Cancer
We have evaluated the role of lifetime exposure to second hand smoke (i.e., "passive smoking") on the development of breast cancer. We found that while current smoking increases the risk of breast cancer, current exposure to household second hand smoke does not. We are currently evaluating the role of lifetime second hand smoke and exposure in the work place and social settings on breast cancer risk.

Read press release: "Northern California Cancer Center findings on breast cancer and secondhand smoke released internationally by the American Association for Cancer Research" 

Active and Passive Smoking Exposures and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer
Building on our long-standing interest in the health effects of tobacco exposures, this study is one of the largest cohort studies of tobacco exposures and colorectal cancer risk to be conducted.  This 2-year study, currently entering its last year of funding from the California Tobacco Related Disease Program, capitalizes on the extensive information on lifetime active and passive smoking exposures collected in the CTS with over 10 years of prospective cancer incidence data.  With such rich data resources and a large sample size, this study will be one of the few able to evaluate risks separately for colon and rectal cancer and to evaluate risks separately for subsites within the colon.

Built Environment and Breast Cancer
The built environment refers to man-made attributes of a person's surroundings, such as the existence and condition of sidewalks, availability of resources (health care, food, playgrounds, public transportation) and the number of destinations in walking distance. We are currently examining whether characteristics of the built environment affect the risk of developing breast cancer. 

Hygiene Hypothesis and Cancer Risk
The hygiene hypothesis holds that exposure to microbes in early life prevents asthma and allergy, perhaps by priming the immune system. In our most recent questionnaire, we asked CTS participants about some of their early life exposure to barns, stables, pets, and children in order to understand if these are associated with later risk of cancer. We have interesting preliminary results consistent with a protective role of living near barns and stables for both breast cancer and melanoma. We are currently following-up these results as well as evaluating the effects for cancers of the thyroid, endometrium, and colon.

Nutrition, Estrogens and Endometrial Cancer in Teachers (NEET)
This special study is investigating  how normal genetic variation in the metabolism of female hormones impacts the relationship between endometrial cancer and its two major risk factors -- obesity and use of estrogen hormone therapy. In addition, we are evaluating whether phytoestrogens and isothiocyanates may reduce the risk of endometrial cancer and the role that normal genetic variation plays in this process. 

Body Size and Cancer Risk
We are in the process of using data on height, weight, and waist and hip circumferences to evaluate how various aspects of body size (including overall and abdominal obesity and weight gain during different periods of life) impact the development of breast, endometrial, ovarian, and thyroid cancers, and whether factors, such as the use of hormone therapy, modify these relationships.

Obesity and Asthma
There has been recent interest in the association between obesity and asthma, particularly in women. We have evaluated the relationship between indicators of body size and asthma prevalence and severity. We found that the more obese a woman was, the greater her likelihood of experiencing asthma. Additionally, women who had a large waist (35 inches or more) were also more likely to have asthma. Because of the many CTS participants, this study offered the opportunity to look at these relationships in greater detail than has been possible in previous studies.

BBC news coverage of findings on obesity and asthma

Air Pollution and Cardiopulmonary Mortality
Working with colleagues at the California Department of Public Health and the California Environmental Protection Agency, we are utilizing our Geographic Information System and specialized air monitoring data generated by the California Air Resources Board to assess the contribution of air pollutants on cardiopulmonary mortality. Because of the geographic diversity of CTS members in California and the extensive air monitoring information available, findings from this study can have an important impact on regulatory standards in the state.

CPIC Principal Investigators:  Pamela L. Horn-Ross, Ph.D. and Peggy Reynolds, Ph.D.

Collaborators
CPIC:  Christina A. Clarke, Ph.D., Ellen T. Chang, Sc.D., Dave Nelson, Ph.D.
COH: Leslie Bernstein, Ph.D., Katherine D. Henderson, Ph.D., Susan L. Neuhausen, Ph.D., Huiyan Ma, Ph.D., James Lacey Jr., Ph.D., Sophia S. Wang, Ph.D.
USC: Dennis Deapen, Dr.P.H., Giske Ursin, M.D., Daniel O. Stram, Ph.D., Fred Schumacher, Ph.D.
UCI: Hoda Anton-Culver, Ph.D., Al Ziogas, Ph.D.


Funding
National Cancer Institute (R01 CA77398, R01 CA91019, U01 CA81789, R03 CA125819, R03 CA113024, R03 CA128009 and R03 CA135687), California Breast Cancer Research Program (16IB-0071, 4JB-0116 and 6JB-0111), California Breast Cancer Research Fund (97-10500), California Tobacco Related Diseases Research Program (7TR-0142, 13RT-0018 and 18XT-0108), US Army Medical Research, Breast Cancer Research Program (BC074049), Department of Defense (W81XWH-10-1-0134) and The Carl Gellert and Celia Berta Gellert Foundation.

Publications

Chang ET, Canchola AJ, Clarke CA, Lu Y, West DW, Bernstein L, Wang SS, Horn-Ross PL. Dietary phytocompounds and risk of lymphoid malignancies in the California Teachers Study. Cancer Causes Control (in press). 

Genkinger JM, Spiegelman D, Anderson KE, Bernstein L, van den Brandt PA, Calle EE, English DR, Folsom AR, Freudenheim JL, Fuchs CS, Giles GG, Giovannucci E, Horn-Ross PL, Larsson SC, Leitzmann M, Männistö S, Marshall JR, Miller AB, Patel AV, Rohan TE, Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, Verhage BAJ, Virtamo J, Willcox BJ, Wolk A, Ziegler RG, Smith-Warner SA. A pooled analysis of 14 cohort studies of anthropometric factors and pancreatic cancer risk. Intl J Cancer (in press).

Keegan THM, Hurley S, Goldberg D, Nelson DO, Reynolds P, Bernstein L, Horn-Ross PL, Gomez SL. The association between neighborhood characteristics and body size and physical activity in the California Teachers Study cohort. Am J Epidemiol (in press).

Lu Y, Wang SS, Sullivan-Halley J, Chang ET, Clarke CA, Henderson KD, Ma H, Duan L, Lacey JV Jr, Deapen D, Bernstein L. Oral contraceptives, menopausal hormone therapy use and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the California Teachers Study. Intl J Cancer (in press).

Stram DO, Liu Y, Henderson KD, Sullivan-Halley J, Luo J, Saxena T, Reynolds P, Chang ET, Neuhausen SL, Horn-Ross PL, Bernstein L, Ursin G. Age-specific effects of hormone therapy use on overall mortality and ischemic heart disease mortality among women in the California Teachers Study. Menopause (in press). 

Canchola AJ, Chang ET, Bernstein L, Largent JA, Reynolds P, Deapen D, Ursin G, Horn-Ross PL. Body size and the risk of endometrial cancer by hormone therapy se in postmenopausal women in the California Teachers Study cohort. Cancer Causes Control 2010;21:1407-1416.

Canchola AJ, Chang ET, Bernstein L, Largent JA, Reynolds P, Deapen D, Ursin G, Horn-Ross PL. Body size and the risk of ovarian cancer by hormone therapy use in the California Teachers Study cohort. Cancer Causes Control 2010;21:2241-2248.

Chang ET, Clarke CA, Canchola AJ, Lu Y, Wang S, Ursin G, West DW, Bernstein L, Horn-Ross PL. Alcohol consumption over time and risk of lymphoid malignancies in the California Teachers Study cohort. Am J Epidemiol 2010;172:1373-1383.

Henderson KD, Duan L, Sullivan-Halley J, Ma H, Clarke CA, Neuhausen SL, Templeman C, Bernstein L. Menopausal hormone therapy use and risk of invasive colon cancer: the California Teachers Study. Am J Epidemiol 2010;171:415-425.

Largent JA, Bernstein L, Horn-Ross PL, Marshall SF, Neuhausen S, Reynolds P, Ursin G, Zell JA, Ziogas A, Anton-Culver H. Hypertension, antihypertensive medication use and breast cancer risk in the California Teachers Study cohort. Cancer Causes Control 2010;21:1615-1624.

Lu Y, Ma H, Sullivan-Halley J, Henderson KD, Chang ET, Clarke CA, Neuhausen SL, West D, Bernstein L, Wang SS. Parent's ages at birth and risk of adult-onset hematological malignancies among female teachers in California. Am J Epidemiol 2010;171:1262-1269. 

Lu Y, Sullivan-Halley J, Henderson KD, Ma H, Horn-Ross PL, Reynolds P, Cress R, Bernstein L. Anthropometric characteristics and multiple myeloma risk. Epidemiol 2010;21:272-273.

Ma H, Henderson KD, Sullivan-Halley J, Duan L, Marshall SF, Ursin G, Horn-Ross PL, Largent J, Deapen DM, Lacey JV Jr, Bernstein L. Pregnancy-related factors and the risk of breast carcinoma in situ and invasive breast cancer among postmenopausal women in the California Teachers Study cohort. Breast Cancer Res 2010;12:R35.

Marshall SF, Clarke CA, Deapen D, Henderson KD, Largent J, Neuhausen SL, Reynolds P, Ursin G, Horn-Ross PL, Stram DO, Templeman C, Bernstein L. Recent breast cancer incidence trends according to hormone therapy use: the California Teachers Study cohort. Breast Cancer Res 2010;12:R4.

Ostro B, Lipsett M, Reynolds P, Goldberg D, Hertz A, Garcia C, Henderson KD, Bernstein L. Long-term exposure to constituents of fine particulate air pollution and mortality: the California Teachers Study. Environ Hlth Perspect 2010;118:363-369.

Saxena T, Lee E, Henderson KD, Clarke CA, West D, Marshall SF, Deapen D, Bernstein L, Ursin G. Menopausal hormone therapy and subsequent risk of specific invasive breast cancer subtypes in the California Teachers Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarker Prev 2010;19:2366-2378.

Zell JA, Ziogas A, Bernstein L, Clarke CA, Deapen D, Largent JA, Neuhausen SL, Stram DO, Ursin G, Anton-Culver H. Meat consumption, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and mortality among colorectal cancer patients in the California Teachers Study. Cancer Prev Res 2010;3:865-875.

Lu Y, Sullivan-Halley J, Cozen W, Henderson K, Ma H, Chang ET, Clarke CA, Neuhausen S, Reynolds P, Bernstein L. Family history of hematopoietic malignancies and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma risk in the California Teachers Study. Br J Cancer 2009;100:524-526.

Genkinger JM, Spiegelman D, Anderson KE, Bergkvist L, Bernstein L, van den Brandt PA, English DR, Freudenheim JL, Fuchs CS, Giles GG, Giovannucci E, Hankinson SE, Horn-Ross PL, Leitzman M, Marshall JR, Mannisto S, McCullough ML, Miller AB, Reding DJ, Robein K, Rohan TE, Schatzkin A, Stevens VL, Verhage BAJ, Wolk A, Ziegler R, Smith-Warner SA. Alcohol intake and pancreatic cancer risk: a pooled analysis of fourteen cohort studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18:765-776.

Templeman C, Marshall SF, Clarke CA, Henderson KD, Largent J, Neuhausen S, Reynolds P, Ursin G, Bernstein L. Risk factors for surgically-removed fibroids in a large cohort of teachers. Fertil Steri 2009;92(4):1436-46.

Lee JE, Männistö S, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ, Bernstein L, van den Brandt PA, Buring JE, Cho E, English DR, Flood A, Freudenheim JL, Giles GG, Giovannucci E, Horn-Ross PL, Håkansson N, Jacobs EJ, Leitzmann MF, Marshall JR, McCullough ML, Miller AB, Rohan TE, Ross JA, Schatzkin A, Schouten LJ, Virtamo J, Wolk A, Zhang SM, Smith-Warner SA. Intakes of fruit, vegetables, and carotenoids and renal cell cancer risk: a pooled analysis of 13 prospective studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 2009;18(6):1730-9.

Lu Y, Prescott J, Sullivan-Halley J, Henderson KD, Ma H, Chang ET, Clarke CA, Horn-Ross PL, Ursin G, Bernstein L.  Body size, recreational physical activity and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk among women in the California Teachers Study. Am J Epidemio 2009;170(10):1231-40.

Voh Behren J, Lipsett M, Horn-Ross PL, Delfino RJ, Gilliland F, McConnell R, Bernstein L, Clarke CA, Reynolds P.  Obestiy, waist size, and risk of current asthma in the California Teachers Study cohort. Thorax 2009;64(10):889-93.

Zell JA, Ziogas A, Bernstein L, Clarke CA, Deapen D, Largent J, Neuhausen S, Stram DO, Ursin G, Anton-Culver H.  Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs:  effects on mortality after colorectal cancer diagnosis. Cancer 2009;115(24):5662-71.

Prescott J, Lu Y, Chang ET, Sullivan-Halley J, Henderson KD, Clarke CA, Ma H, Templeman C, Deapen D, Bernstein L. Reproductive factors and non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk in the California Teachers Study. PLoS ONE 2009;4(12):e8135.

Reynolds P, Goldberg D, Hurley S, Nelson DO, Largent J, Henderson KD, Bernstein L. Passive smoking and risk of breast cancer in the California Teachers Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18:3389-3398.

West-Wright CN, Henderson KD, Sullivan-Halley J, Ursin G, Deapen D, Neuhausen S, Reynolds P, Chang E, Ma H, Bernstein L. Long-term and recent recreational physical activity and survival after breast cancer: the California Teachers Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18:2851-2859.

Templeman C, Marshall SF, Ursin G, Horn-Ross PL, Clarke CA, Allen, M, Deapen D, Ziogas A, Reynolds P, Cress R, Anton-Culver H, West DW, Ross RK, Bernstein L.  Adenomyosis and endometriosis in the California Teachers Study:  reproductive and lifestyle correlates. Fertil Steril 2008;90:415-424.

Henderson K, Halley-Sullivan J, Reynolds P, Horn-Ross PL, Clarke CA, Chang ET, Neuhausen S, Ursin G, Bernstein L. Incomplete pregnancy is not associated with breast cancer risk: the California Teachers Study. Contraception 2008;77:391-396.

Chang ET, Lee VS, Canchola AJ, Dalvi TB, Clarke CA, Reynolds P, Purdie DM, Stram DO, West DW, Bernstein L, Horn-Ross PL. Dietary patterns and risk of ovarian cancer in the California Teachers Study cohort. Nutr Cancer 2008;60:285-291.

Horn-Ross PL, Lee VS, Collins CN, Stewart SL, Canchola AJ, Lee MM, Reynolds P, Clarke CA, Bernstein L, Stram DO. Dietary assessment in the California Teachers Study: reproducibility and validity. Cancer Causes Control 2008;19:595-603.

Lee JE, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ, Albanes D, Bernstein L, van den Brandt PA, Buring JE, Cho E, English D, Freudenheim JL, Giles GG, Graham S, Horn-Ross PL, Håkansson N, Jacobs EJ, Leitzmann M, Mäbbustö S, McCullough ML, Miller AB, Parker AS, Rohan TE, Schatzkin A, Schouten LJ, Sweeney C, Willet WC, Wolk A, Zhang SM, Smith-Warner SA. Fat, protein, and meat consumption and risk of renal cell cancer in a pooled analysis of 13 prospective studies. J Nat’l Cancer Inst 2008;100:1695-1706.

Chang ET, Canchola AJ, Lee VS, Clarke CA, Purdie DM, Reynolds P, Anton-Culver H, Bernstein L, Deapen D, Mohrenweiser H, Peel D, Pinder R, Stram DO, Ross RK, West DW, Wright W, Ziogas A, Horn-Ross PL.  Wine and other alcohol consumption and risk of ovarian cancer in the California Teachers Study cohort. Cancer Causes Control 2007;18:91-103.

Dallal CM, Sullivan-Halley J, Ross RK, Wang Y, Deapen D, Horn-Ross PL, Reynolds P, Stram DO, Pinder R, Clarke CA, Anton-Culver H, Ziogas A, Peel D, West DW, Wright W, Bernstein L.  Long-term recreational physical activity and risk of invasive and in situ breast cancer: the California Teachers Study. Arch Internal Med 2007;167:408-415.

Mai PL, Sullivan-Halley J, Ursin G, Stram DO, Deapen D, Villaluna D, Horn-Ross PL, Clark CA, Reynolds P, Ross RK, West DW, Anton-Culver A, Ziogas A, Bernstein L.  Physical activity and colon cancer risk among users and non-users of hormone therapy:  the California Teachers Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarker Prev 2007;16:517-525.

Lee JE, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ, Adami H-O, Albanes D, Bernstein L, van den Brandt PA, Buring JE, Cho E, Folsom AR, Freudenheim JL, Giovannucci E, Graham S, Horn-Ross PL, Leitzmann MF, McCullough ML, Miller AB, Parker AS, Rodriguez C, Rohan TE, Schatzkin A, Schouten LJ, Virtanen M, Willett WC, Wolk A, Zhang SM, Smith-Warner SA.  Alcohol intake and renal cell cancer in a pooled analysis of 12 prospective studies. J Nat'l Cancer Inst 2007;99:801-810.

Lee JE, Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, Adami H-O, Bernstein L, van den Brandt PA, Buring JE, Cho E, Folsom AR, Freudenheim JL, Giles GG, Giovannucci E, Horn-Ross PL, Leitzmann M, Marshall JR, Männistö S, McCullough ML, Miller AB, Parker AS, Pietinen P, Rodriguez C, Rohan TE, Schatzkin A, Schouten LJ, Willet WC, Wolk A, Zhang SM, Smith-Warner SA.  Intakes of coffee, tea, milk, soda, and juice and renal cell cancer in a pooled analysis of 13 prospective studies. Int J Cancer 2007;121:2246-2253.

Wakelee HA, Chang ET, Gomez SL, Keegan TH, Feskanich D, Clarke CA, Holmberg L, Yong LC, Kolonel LN, Gould MK, West DW. Lung cancer incidence in never-smokers. J Clin Oncology 2007;25:472-478.

Chang ET, Lee VS, Canchola AJ, Clarke CA, Purdie DM, Reynolds P, Anton-Culver H, Bernstein L, Deapen D, Peel D, Pinder R, Ross RK, Stram DO, West DW, Wright W, Ziogas A, Horn-Ross PL.  Diet and risk of ovarian cancer in the California Teachers Study cohort. Am J Epidemiol 2007;165:802-813.

Horn-Ross PL, Barnes S, Lee VS, Collins CN, Reynolds P, Lee MM, Stewart SL, Canchola AJ, Wilson L, Jones K.  Reliability and validity of an assessment of usual phytoestrogen consumption. Cancer Causes Control 2006;17:85-93.

Reynolds P, Hurley S, Goldberg G, and the California Teachers Study Steering Committee. “Accumulating evidence on passive and active smoking and breast cancer risk” (letter). Int J Cancer 2006;119:239.

Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, Ritz J, Albanes D, Beeson WL, Bernstein L, Berrino F, van den Brandt PA, Buring JE, Cho E, Colditz GA, Folsom AR, Freudenheim JL, Giovannucci E, Goldbohm RA, Graham S, Harnack L, Horn-Ross PL, Krogh V, Leitzmann MF, McCullough ML, Miller AB, Rodriguez C, Rohan TE, Schatzkin A, Shore R, Virtanen M, Willett WC, Wolk A, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Zhang SM, Hunter DJ.  Methods for pooling of results of epidemiologic studies:  the pooling project of prospective studies of diet and cancer. Am J Epidemiol 2006;163:1054-1063.

Gunier RB, Reynolds P, Hurley SE, Yerabati S, Hertz A, Strickland P, Horn-Ross, PL. Estimating exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a comparison of survey, biological monitoring, and Geographic Information System-based methods. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarker Prev 2006;15:1376-1381.

Hurley SE, Reynolds P, Goldberg DE, Hertz A, Anton-Culver H, Bernstein L, Deapen D, Peel D, Pinder R, Ross RK, West D, Wright WE, Ziogas A, Horn-Ross PL.  Residential mobility in the California Teachers Study:  implications for geographic differences in disease rates. Social Sci Med 2005;60:1547-1555.

Marshall SF, Bernstein L, Anton-Culver H, Deapen D, Horn-Ross PL, Peel D, Pinder R, Purdie D, Reynolds P, Stram D, West D, Wright WE, Ziogas A, Ross RK.  Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and breast cancer risk by stage and hormone-receptor status. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97:805-812.

Reynolds P, Goldberg DE, Hurley S, and the California Teachers Study Investigators. Prevalence and patterns of ETS exposures among California teachers. Am J Hlth Promotion 2004;18:358-365.

Reynolds R, Hurley S, Goldberg DE, Anton-Culver H, Bernstein L, Deapen D, Horn-Ross PL, Peel D, Pinder R, Ross RK, West D, Wright WE, Ziogas A. Active smoking, household passive smoking, and breast cancer: evidence from the California Teachers Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96(1):29-37.

Horn-Ross PL, Canchola AJ, West DW, Stewart SL, Bernstein L, Deapen D, Pinder R, Ross RK, Anton-Culver H, Peel D, Ziogas A, Reynolds P, Wright W. Patterns of alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk in the California Teachers Study Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarker Prev 2004; 13:405-411.

Reynolds P, Hurley SE, Goldberg DE, Yerabati S, Gunier RB, Hertz A, Anton-Culver H, Bernstein L, Deapen D, Horn-Ross PL, Peel D, Pinder R, Ross RK, West D, Wright WE, Ziogas A. Residential proximity to agricultural pesticide use and incidence of breast cancer in the California Teachers Study cohort. Environ Res 2004; 96:206-218.

Reynolds P, Hurley S, Goldberg DE, Anton-Culver H, Bernstein L, Deapen D, Horn-Ross PL, Peel D, Pinder, Ross RK, West DW, Wright WE, Ziogas A. Regional variations in breast cancer incidence in the California Teachers Study cohort. Epidemiology 2004; 15:746-754.

Reynolds P, Hurley S, Hoggatt KJ, Anton-Culver H, Bernstein L, Deapen D, Peel D, Pinder R, Ross RK, West D, Wright W, Ziogas A, Horn-Ross PL.  Correlates of active and passive smoking in the California Teachers Study cohort. J Women's Health 2004; 13:778-790.

Marshall SF, Deapen D, Allen M, Anton-Culver H, Bernstein L, Horn-Ross PL, Peel D, Pinder R, Reynolds P, Ross RK, West D, Ziogas A. Validating California Teachers Study self-reports of recent hospitalization: comparison with California hospital discharge data. Am J Epidemiol 2003;158:1012-1020.

Parikh-Patel A, Allen MA, Wright WE. The California Teachers Study Steering Committee.  Validation of self-reported cancers in the California Teachers Study. Am J Epidemiol 2003;157:539-545.

Bernstein L, Allen M, Anton-Culver H, Deapen D, Horn-Ross PL, Peel D, Pinder R, Reynolds P, Sullivan-Halley J, West D, Wright W, Ziogas A, Ross RK. High breast cancer incidence rates among California teachers: results from the California Teachers Study. Cancer Causes Control 2002;13:625-635.

Horn-Ross PL, Hoggatt KJ, West DW, Krone MR, Stewart SL, Anton H, Bernstein CL, Deapen D, Peel D, Pinder R, Reynolds P, Ross RK, Wright W, Ziogas A. Recent diet and breast cancer risk: the California Teachers Study. Cancer Causes and Control 2002;13:407-415.

Hoggatt KJ, Bernstein L, Reynolds P, Anton-Culver H, Deapen D, Peel D, Pinder R, Ross RK, West DW, Wright W, Ziogas A, Horn-Ross PL. Correlates of vitamin supplement use in the California Teachers Study cohort. Cancer Causes Control 2002;13:735-740.

Back to Research Programs page.